PA.XII.B — Task B — Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures (ASES, AMES)

References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM

Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with anchoring, docking, mooring, and ramping/beaching. Note: The evaluator must select at least one after-landing procedure (anchoring, docking and mooring, or ramping/beaching).

Knowledge — The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

PA.XII.B.K1 Mooring.

PA.XII.B.K2 Docking.

PA.XII.B.K3 Anchoring.

PA.XII.B.K4 Beaching/ramping.

PA.XII.B.K5 Postflight inspection, recording of in-flight/postflight discrepancies. Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 65

Risk Management — The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

PA.XII.B.R1 Activities and distractions.

PA.XII.B.R2 [Archived]

PA.XII.B.R3 Seaplane base specific security procedures, if applicable.

PA.XII.B.R4 Disembarking passengers safely on the ramp and monitoring passenger movement while on the ramp.

Skills — The applicant exhibits the skill to:

PA.XII.B.S1 If anchoring, select a suitable area considering seaplane movement, water depth, tide, wind, and weather changes. Use an adequate number of anchors and lines of sufficient strength and length to ensure the seaplane’s security.

PA.XII.B.S2 If not anchoring, approach the dock/mooring buoy or beach/ramp in the proper direction and at a safe speed, considering water depth, tide, current, and wind.

PA.XII.B.S3 Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

PA.XII.B.S4 Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.

PA.XII.B.S5 Secure the seaplane considering the effect of wind, waves, and changes in water level, or comply with applicable after landing, parking, and securing procedures if operating an amphibious airplane on land. Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 66 Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Eligibility Requirements for a Private Pilot Certificate The prerequisite requirements and general eligibility for a practical test and the specific requirements for the original issuance of a Private Pilot Certificate in the airplane category can be found in 14 CFR part 61, sections 61.39(a) and 61.103. In accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.39, the applicant must pass the airman knowledge test before taking the practical test, if applicable to the certificate or rating sought. Note: An applicant seeking to add an additional category or class to an existing certificate must comply with 14 CFR section 61.63, as applicable. Private Pilot Airplane Knowledge Test Table For an initial Private Pilot Certificate, applicants must pass the knowledge test listed in the table below as a prerequisite for the practical test. Test Code Test Name Number of Questions Age Allotted Time Passing Score PAR Private Pilot Airplane 60 15 2.5 70 Use of the ACS During a Practical Test The practical test is conducted in accordance with the ACS and FAA regulations that are current as of the date of the test. The Areas of Operation in this ACS align with the Areas of Operation found in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.107(b). Each Area of Operation includes Tasks appropriate to that Area of Operation. Each Task contains an Objective stating what the applicant must know, consider, and/or do. The ACS then lists the aeronautical knowledge, risk management, and skill elements relevant to the specific Task, along with the conditions and standards for acceptable performance. The ACS uses Notes to emphasize special considerations. During the ground and flight portion of the practical test, the FAA expects evaluators to assess the applicant's mastery of the topic in accordance with the level of learning most appropriate for the specified Task. The oral questioning will continue throughout the entire practical test. For some topics, the evaluator will ask the applicant to describe or explain. For other items, the evaluator will assess the applicant's understanding by providing a scenario that requires the applicant to appropriately apply and/or correlate knowledge, experience, and information to the circumstances of the given scenario. The flight portion of the practical test requires the applicant to demonstrate knowledge, risk management, flight proficiency, and operational skill in accordance with the ACS. The elements within each Task in this ACS are coded according to a scheme that includes four components. For example, PA.I.C.K2: PA = Applicable ACS I = Area of Operation C = Task K2 = Task element (in this example, Knowledge 2) There is no requirement for an evaluator to test every knowledge and risk management element in a Task; rather the evaluator has discretion to sample as needed to ensure the applicant’s mastery of that Task. The required minimum elements to be tested from each applicable Task include: • any elements in which the applicant was shown to be deficient on the knowledge test, as applicable; • at least one knowledge element; • at least one risk management element; and • all skill elements unless otherwise noted. Note: The Airman Knowledge Test Report (AKTR) lists ACS codes that correlate to a specific Task element for a given Area of Operation for any incorrect responses on the knowledge test. Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 67 Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Knowledge and risk management elements are primarily evaluated during the knowledge testing phase of the airman certification process. The evaluator administering the practical test has the discretion to combine Tasks/elements as appropriate to testing scenarios. Unless otherwise noted in the Task, the evaluator must test each item in the skills section by observing the applicant perform each one. As safety of flight conditions permit, the evaluator should use questions during flight to test knowledge and risk management elements not evident in the demonstrated skills. To the greatest extent practicable, evaluators should test the applicant’s ability to apply and correlate information and use rote questions only when they are appropriate for the material being tested. If the Task includes a knowledge or risk element with sub-elements, the evaluator may choose the primary element and select at least one sub-element to satisfy the requirement. Selection of the sub-element satisfies the requirement for one element unless otherwise noted. For example, an evaluator who chooses PA.I.H.K1 may select a sub-element such as PA.I.H.K1e to satisfy the requirement to select one knowledge element. The References for each Task indicate the source material for Task elements. For example, in the Task element “Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:” (PA.I.C.K2), the applicant should be prepared for questions on any weather product presented in the references for that Task. The FAA encourages applicants and instructors to use the ACS when preparing for the airman knowledge tests and practical tests. Evaluators must conduct the practical test in accordance with the current ACS and FAA regulations pursuant to 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43. If an applicant is entitled to credit for Areas of Operation previously passed as indicated on a Notice of Disapproval of Application or Letter of Discontinuance, evaluators shall use the ACS currently in effect on the date of the test. The ground portion of the practical test allows the evaluator to determine whether the applicant is sufficiently prepared to advance to the flight portion of the practical test. The applicant must pass the ground portion of the practical test before beginning the flight portion. The oral questioning will continue throughout the entire practical test. Combined Private/Instrument Test Applicants for a combined Private Pilot Certificate with Instrument Rating, in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.65(a) and (g), must pass all areas designated in the Private Pilot for Airplane ACS and the Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS. Evaluators need not duplicate Tasks. For example, only one preflight demonstration would be required; however, the Preflight Task from the Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS would be more extensive than the Preflight Task from the Private Pilot for Airplane ACS to ensure readiness for Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flight. Applicants for a combined test must present the applicable test reports. A combined certificate and rating evaluation should be treated as one practical test, requiring only one application and resulting in only one temporary certificate, disapproval notice, or letter of discontinuance, as applicable. Failure of any Task will result in a failure of the entire test and application. Therefore, even if the deficient maneuver was instrument related and the performance of all visual flight rules (VFR) Tasks was determined to be satisfactory, the applicant will receive a notice of disapproval. Instructor Responsibilities The instructor trains and qualifies the applicant to meet the established standards for knowledge, risk management, and skill elements in all Tasks appropriate to the certificate and rating sought. The instructor should use this ACS and its references when preparing the applicant to take the practical test and when retraining the applicant to proficiency in any subject(s) missed on the knowledge test. Evaluator Responsibilities An evaluator includes the following: • Aviation Safety Inspector (ASI); • Pilot examiner (other than administrative pilot examiners); • Training center evaluator (TCE); • Chief instructor, assistant chief instructor, or check instructor of pilot school holding examining authority; or Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 68 Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes • Instrument Flight Instructor (CFII) conducting an instrument proficiency check (IPC). The evaluator who conducts the practical test verifies the applicant has met the aeronautical experience requirements specified for a certificate or rating before administering the test. During the practical test, the evaluator determines whether the applicant meets the established standards of aeronautical knowledge, risk management, and skills for the Tasks in the appropriate ACS. The evaluator must develop a plan of action (POA) that includes all required Areas of Operation and Tasks and administer each practical test in English. The POA must include scenario(s) that evaluate as many of the required Areas of Operation and Tasks as possible. As a scenario unfolds during the test, the evaluator will introduce problems and simulate emergencies that test the applicant’s ability. The evaluator has the discretion to modify the POA to accommodate unexpected situations as they arise or suspend and later resume a scenario to assess certain Tasks. Prior to and throughout the evaluation, the evaluator ensures the applicant meets the FAA Aviation English Language Standard (AELS). An applicant must be able to communicate in English in a discernible and understandable manner with air traffic control (ATC), pilots, and others involved in preparing an aircraft for flight and operating an aircraft in flight. This communication may or may not involve radio communications. An applicant for an FAA certificate or rating issued in accordance with 14 CFR parts 61, 63, 65, or 107 who cannot hear or speak due to a medical deficiency may be eligible for an FAA certificate with specific operational limitations. If the applicant’s ability to meet the FAA AELS comes into question before starting the practical test, the evaluator will not begin the practical test. An evaluator other than an ASI will check the box, “Referred to FSO for Aviation English Language Standard Determination,” located on the bottom of page 2 of the applicant’s FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/ or Rating Application, or FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application - Sport Pilot, as applicable. The evaluator will refer the applicant to the appropriate Flight Standards Office (FSO). If the applicant’s ability to meet the FAA AELS comes into question after the practical test begins, an evaluator who other than an ASI will discontinue the practical test and check the box, “Referred to FSO for Aviation English Language Standard Determination,” on the application. The evaluator will also issue FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval of Application, with the comment “Does Not Demonstrate FAA AELS” in addition to any unsatisfactory Task(s). The evaluator will refer the applicant to the appropriate FSO. ASIs conducting the practical test may assess an applicant’s English language proficiency in accordance with FAA Order 8900.1. In either case, the evaluator must complete and submit the application file through normal application procedures and evaluators other than an ASI notify the appropriate FSO of the referral. If the ability of an FAA certificated airman comes into question prior to or during a required regulatory check (e.g., proficiency check) the evaluator other than an ASI will not continue the check or provide an endorsement indicating completion. The evaluator will refer the airman to the jurisdictional FAA field office for further determination of ability to meet the FAA AELS. For additional information, reference AC 60-28, FAA English Language Standard for an FAA Certificate issued under 14 CFR parts 61, 63, 65, and 107, as amended. The abbreviation(s) within parentheses immediately following a Task refers to the category and/or class airplane appropriate to that Task. The absence of a class indicates the Task is for all classes. The meaning of each abbreviation is as follows: • ASEL—Airplane – Single-Engine Land • ASES—Airplane – Single-Engine Sea • AMEL—Airplane – Multiengine Land • AMES—Airplane – Multiengine Sea Note: Note: When administering a test, the Tasks appropriate to the class airplane (ASEL, ASES, AMEL, or AMES) used for the test must be included in the plan of action. Possible Outcomes of the Test A practical test has three possible outcomes: (1) Temporary Airman Certificate (satisfactory), (2) Notice of Disapproval of Application (unsatisfactory), or (3) Letter of Discontinuance. If the evaluator determines that a Task is incomplete, or the outcome is uncertain, the evaluator must require the applicant to repeat that Task, or portions of that Task. This provision does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repetition of an unsatisfactory Task is permitted during the practical test. Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 69 Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Satisfactory Performance Refer to 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43, for satisfactory performance requirements. Satisfactory performance will result in the issuance of a temporary certificate. Unsatisfactory Performance If, in the judgment of the evaluator, the applicant does not meet the standards for any Task, the applicant fails the Task and associated Area of Operation and the evaluator issues a Notice of Disapproval of Application. The evaluator lists the Area(s) of Operation in which the applicant did not meet the standard, any Area(s) of Operation not tested, and the number of practical test failures. The evaluator should also list the Tasks failed or Tasks not tested within any unsatisfactory or partially completed Area(s) of Operation. 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(c)-(f) provides additional unsatisfactory performance requirements and parameters. Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification include: • Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires corrective intervention by the evaluator to maintain safe flight. • Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers. • Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the skill elements of the Task. • Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded. • Failure to exercise risk management. The evaluator or the applicant may end the test if the applicant fails a Task. The evaluator may continue the test only with the consent of the applicant. The applicant receives credit only for those Areas of Operation and the associated Tasks performed satisfactorily. Letter of Discontinuance Refer to 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(e)(2) for conditions to issue a letter of discontinuance. If discontinuing a practical test for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance (e.g., equipment failure, weather, illness), the evaluator must return all test paperwork to the applicant. The evaluator must prepare, sign, and issue a Letter of Discontinuance that lists those Areas of Operation the applicant successfully completed and the time period remaining to complete the test to receive credit for previously completed Areas of Operation. The evaluator should advise the applicant to present the Letter of Discontinuance to the evaluator when the practical test resumes in order to receive credit for the items successfully completed. The Letter of Discontinuance becomes part of the applicant's certification file. Time Limit and Credit after a Discontinued Practical Test Refer to 14 CFR part 61, sections 61.39(f) and 61.43(f) after issuance of a Letter of Discontinuance or Notice of Disapproval of Application. Additional Rating Task Table For an applicant who holds at least a Private Pilot Certificate and seeks an additional airplane category and/or class rating at the private pilot level, the evaluator must evaluate that applicant in the Areas of Operation and Tasks listed in the Additional Rating Task Table. The evaluator may evaluate the applicant’s competence in the remaining Areas of Operation and Tasks. If the applicant holds two or more category or class ratings at the private level, and the ratings table indicates different Task requirements, the “least restrictive” entry applies. For example, if “All” and “None” are indicated for one Area of Operation, the “None” entry applies. If the table indicates “B” and “B, C” the “B” entry applies. Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 70 Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Addition of an Airplane Single-Engine Land Rating to an Existing Private Pilot Certificate The table below indicates the required Tasks for each Area of Operation tested in accordance with this ACS. Legend ASES Airplane – Single-Engine Sea AMEL Airplane – Multiengine Land AMES Airplane – Multiengine Sea RH Rotorcraft – Helicopter RG Rotorcraft – Gyroplane PL Powered-Lift Private Pilot Rating(s) Held Area of Operation ASES AMEL AMES RH RG Glider Balloon Airship PL I F,G F,G F,G F,G F,G D,F,G D,F,G F,G F,G II A,B,D,F A,B,F A,B,D,F A,B,C,D, F A,B,C,D, F A,B,C,D, F A,B,C,D, F A,B,C,D, F A,B,C,D, F III B None B B B B B B B IV A,B,C, D,E,F A,B,C, D,E,F,M A,B,C,D, E,F,M A,B,C,D, E,F,M,N A,B,C,D, E,F,M,N A,B,C,D, E,F,M,N A,B,C,D, E,F,M,N A,B,C,D, E,F,M,N A,B,C,D, E,F,M,N V None None None All A All All All All VI None None None None None A,B,C,D A,B,C,D None None VII None None None All All All All All All VIII None None None All All All All All All IX A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D X None None None None None None None None None XI None None None None None A A A A XII A None A A A A A A A Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 71 Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Addition of an Airplane Single-Engine Sea Rating to an Existing Private Pilot Certificate The table below indicates the required Tasks for each Area of Operation tested in accordance with this ACS. Legend ASEL Airplane – Single-Engine Land AMEL Airplane – Multiengine Land AMES Airplane – Multiengine Sea RH Rotorcraft – Helicopter RG Rotorcraft – Gyroplane PL Powered-Lift Private Pilot Rating(s) Held Area of Operation ASEL AMEL AMES RH RG Glider Balloon Airship PL I F,G,I F,G,I F,G F,G,I D,F,G,I D,F,G,I D,F,G,I D,F,G,I F,G,I II A,B,E,F A,B,E,F A,B,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F III B B None B B B B B B IV A,B,G,H, I,J,K,L A,B,G,H, I,J,K,L,M A,B,M A,B,G,H,I, J,K,L,M,N A,B,G,H,I, J,K,L,M,N A,B,G,H,I, J,K,L,M,N A,B,G,H,I, J,K,L,M,N A,B,G,H,I, J,K,L,M,N A,B,G,H,I, J,K,L,M,N V None None None All A All All All A VI None None None None None All All None None VII None None None All All All All All All VIII None None None All All All All All All IX A,B A,B A,B A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D X None None None None None None None None None XI None None None None None All All All None XII B B None B B B B B B Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 72 Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Addition of an Airplane Multiengine Land Rating to an Existing Private Pilot Certificate The table below indicates the required Tasks for each Area of Operation tested in accordance with this ACS. Legend ASEL Airplane – Single-Engine Land ASES Airplane – Single-Engine Sea AMES Airplane – Multiengine Sea RH Rotorcraft – Helicopter RG Rotorcraft – Gyroplane PL Powered-Lift Private Pilot Rating(s) Held Area of Operation ASEL ASES AMES RH RG Glider Balloon Airship PL I F,G F,G F,G F,G F,G D,F,G D,F,G F,G F,G II A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F A,D A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F III None B B B B B B B B IV A,B,E,F A,B,E,F A,B,E,F A,B,E,F,N A,B,E,F,N A,B,E,F,N A,B,E,F,N A,B,E,F,N A,B,E,F,N V A A None All A All All All A VI None None None None None All All None None VII All All None All All All All All All VIII None None None All All All All All All IX E,F,G E,F,G None A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G X* All All None All All All All All All XI None None None None None All All All None XII None A A A A A A A A *Tasks C and D requirements do not apply to applicants who do not hold an instrument rating or who have previously demonstrated instrument proficiency in a multiengine airplane. Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 73 Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Addition of an Airplane Multiengine Sea Rating to an existing Private Pilot Certificate The table below indicates the required Tasks for each Area of Operation tested in accordance with this ACS. Legend ASEL Airplane – Single-Engine Land ASES Airplane – Single-Engine Sea AMEL Airplane – Multiengine Land RH Rotorcraft – Helicopter RG Rotorcraft – Gyroplane PL Powered-Lift Private Pilot Rating(s) Held Area of Operation ASEL ASES AMEL RH RG Glider Balloon Airship PL I F,G,I F,G F,G,I F,G,I F,G,I D,F,G,I D,F,G,I F,G,I F,G,I II A,B,E,F A,B,E,F A,B,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F III None None None B B B B B B IV A,B,G,H, I,J,K,L A,B A,B,G,H, I,J,K,L A,B,G,H, I,J,K,L,N A,B,G,H, I,J,K,L,N A,B,G,H, I,J,K,L,N A,B,G,H, I,J,K,L,N A,B,G,H, I,J,K,L,N A,B,G,H, I,J,K,L,N V A A None All A All All All A VI None None None None None All All None None VII All All None All All All All All All VIII None None None All All All All All All IX E,F,G E,F,G None A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G X* All All None All All All All All All XI None None None None None All All All None XII B None B B B B B B B *Tasks C and D requirements do not apply to applicants who do not hold an instrument rating or who have previously demonstrated instrument proficiency in a multiengine airplane. Note: An applicant who holds a private airplane multiengine land rating without a center thrust limitation need not supply a seaplane with propeller feathering capability when testing to add a private airplane multiengine sea rating. Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 74 Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Removal of the “Airplane Multiengine VFR Only” Limitation The removal of the “Airplane Multiengine VFR Only” limitation, at the private pilot certificate level, requires an applicant to satisfactorily perform the following Area of Operation and Tasks from the Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS in a multiengine airplane that has a manufacturer’s published minimum control speed (VMC). Removal of the “Limited to Center Thrust” Limitation Applicants who complete the practical test for the AMEL rating in an aircraft that does not have a manufacturer’s published VMC receive a certificate with a “Limited to Center Thrust” limitation. When conducting a practical test for the purpose of removing the “Limited to Center Thrust” limitation, the evaluator must test the applicant on the multiengine Tasks identified in the table below in a multiengine airplane that has a manufacturer’s published VMC speed. This speed appears on the type certificate data sheet (TCDS) or in the Airplane Flight Manual (AFM). Removal of the limitation under 14 CFR parts 121, 135, or 142 occurs in accordance with an approved curriculum or training program. An applicant who holds an airplane instrument rating and has not demonstrated instrument proficiency in a multiengine airplane with a published V MC shall complete the additional Tasks listed under Removal of the “Airplane Multiengine VFR Only” Limitation section. X. Multiengine Operations Task C: Engine Failure During Flight (by Reference to Instruments) (AMEL, AMES) Task D: Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) (by Reference to Instruments) (AMEL, AMES) IX. Emergency Operations Task E: Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES) Task F: Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES) Task G: Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES) X. Multiengine Operations Task A: Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative (AMEL, AMES) Task B: VMC Demonstration (AMEL, AMES) Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 75 Appendix 2: Safety of Flight Appendix 2: Safety of Flight General Safety of flight must be the prime consideration at all times. The evaluator, applicant, and crew must be continually alert for other traffic. If performing aspects of a given maneuver, such as emergency procedures, would jeopardize safety, the evaluator will ask the applicant to simulate that portion of the maneuver. The evaluator will assess the applicant’s use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures throughout the entire test. Stall and Spin Awareness During flight training and testing, the applicant and the instructor or evaluator must always recognize and avoid operations that could lead to an inadvertent stall or spin and inadvertent loss of control. Use of Checklists Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an appropriate checklist. Assessing proper checklist use depends upon the specific Task. In all cases, the evaluator should determine whether the applicant demonstrates CRM, appropriately divides attention, and uses proper visual scanning. In some situations, reading the actual checklist may be impractical or unsafe. In such cases, the evaluator should assess the applicant's performance of published or recommended immediate action “memory” items along with their review of the appropriate checklist once conditions permit. In a single-pilot airplane, the applicant should demonstrate the crew resource management (CRM) principles described as single-pilot resource management (SRM). Proper use depends on the specific Task being evaluated. If the use of the checklist while accomplishing elements of an Objective would be either unsafe or impractical in a single-pilot operation, the applicant should review the checklist after accomplishing the elements. Positive Exchange of Flight Controls A clear understanding of who has control of the aircraft must exist. Prior to flight, the pilots involved should conduct a briefing that includes reviewing the procedures for exchanging flight controls. The FAA recommends a positive three-step process for exchanging flight controls between pilots: • When one pilot seeks to have the other pilot take control of the aircraft, they will say, “You have the flight controls.” • The second pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” • The first pilot again says, “You have the flight controls,” and visually confirms the exchange. Pilots should follow this procedure during any exchange of flight controls, including any occurrence during the practical test. The FAA also recommends that both pilots use a visual check to verify that the exchange has occurred. Doubt as to who is flying the aircraft should not occur. Use of Distractions Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. The evaluator should incorporate realistic distractions during the flight portion of the practical test to evaluate the pilot’s situational awareness and ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing attention both inside and outside the flight deck. Aeronautical Decision-Making, Risk Management, Crew Resource Management, and Single-Pilot Resource Management Throughout the practical test, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s ability to use sound aeronautical decision-making procedures in order to identify hazards and mitigate risk. The evaluator must accomplish this requirement by reference to the risk management elements of the given Task(s), and by developing scenarios that incorporate and combine Tasks appropriate to assessing the applicant’s risk management in making safe aeronautical decisions. For example, the evaluator Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 76 Appendix 2: Safety of Flight may develop a scenario that incorporates weather decisions and performance planning. In assessing the applicant’s performance, the evaluator should take note of the applicant’s use of CRM and, if appropriate, SRM. CRM/SRM is the set of competencies that includes situational awareness, communication skills, teamwork, task allocation, and decision-making within a comprehensive framework of standard operating procedures (SOP). SRM specifically refers to the management of all resources onboard the aircraft, as well as outside resources available to the single pilot. If an applicant fails to use aeronautical decision-making (ADM), including SRM/CRM, as applicable in any Task, the evaluator will note that Task as failed. The evaluator will also include the ADM Skill element from the Flight Deck Management Task on the Notice of Disapproval of Application. Multiengine Considerations On multiengine practical tests, where the failure of the most critical engine after liftoff is required, the evaluator must consider local atmospheric conditions, terrain, and type of aircraft used. The evaluator must not simulate failure of an engine until attaining an altitude of at least 400 feet AGL and at least minimum single-engine speed (VSSE), best single-engine angle-of- climb speed (VXSE), or best single-engine rate-of-climb (VYSE). The applicant must supply an airplane that does not prohibit the demonstration of feathering the propeller in flight. However, an applicant holding an unrestricted AMEL rating may take a practical test for the addition of an AMES rating in an AMES without propeller feathering capability. Practical tests conducted in a flight simulation training device (FSTD) can only be accomplished as part of an approved curriculum or training program pursuant to 14 CFR part 61, section 61.64. Any limitations or powerplant failure will be noted in that program. For safety reasons, when the practical test is conducted in an airplane, the applicant must perform Tasks that require feathering or shutdown only under conditions and at a position and altitude where it is possible to make a safe landing on an established airport if there is difficulty in unfeathering the propeller or restarting the engine. The evaluator must select an entry altitude that will allow the single-engine demonstration Tasks to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet AGL or the manufacturer’s recommended altitude (whichever is higher). If it is not possible to unfeather the propeller or restart the engine while airborne, the applicant and the evaluator should treat the situation as an emergency. At altitudes lower than 3,000 feet AGL, engine failure should be simulated by reducing throttle to idle and then establishing zero thrust. Engine failure (simulated) during takeoff should be accomplished prior to reaching 50 percent of the calculated VMC. Single-Engine Considerations For safety reasons, the evaluator will not request a simulated powerplant failure in a single-engine airplane unless it is possible to safely complete a landing. Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 77 Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations Aircraft Requirements & Limitations If the multiengine airplane used for the practical test does not publish a V MC, then the “Limited to Center Thrust” limitation will be added to the certificate issued from this check, unless the applicant has previously demonstrated competence in a multiengine airplane with a published VMC. If the aircraft has inoperative equipment and can be operated in accordance with 14 CFR part 91, section 91.213, it must be determined if any inoperative instruments or equipment are required to complete the practical test. The inoperative equipment must not interfere with practical test requirements. Equipment Requirements & Limitations The aircraft must meet the requirements as outlined in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.45. To assist in management of the aircraft during the practical test, the applicant is expected to demonstrate automation management skills by utilizing installed, available, or airborne equipment such as autopilot, avionics and systems displays, and/or a flight management system (FMS). The evaluator is expected to test the applicant’s knowledge of the systems that are available or installed and operative during both the ground and flight portions of the practical test. If the applicant has trained using a portable electronic flight bag (EFB) to display charts and data and wishes to use the EFB during the practical test, the applicant is expected to demonstrate appropriate knowledge, risk management, and skill appropriate to its use. If the practical test involves maneuvering the aircraft solely by reference to instruments, the applicant is required by 14 CFR part 61, section 61.45(d)(2) to provide an appropriate view limiting device acceptable to the Administrator. The applicant and the evaluator should establish a procedure as to when and how this device should be donned and removed and brief this procedure before the flight. This device must prevent the applicant from having visual reference outside the aircraft, but it must not restrict the evaluator’s ability to see and avoid other traffic. The use of the device does not apply to specific elements within a Task when there is a requirement for visual references. Use of Flight Simulation Training Devices (FSTD) Applicants for a pilot certificate or rating can accomplish all or part of a practical test or proficiency check in an FSTD qualified under 14 CFR part 60, which includes full flight simulators (FFS) or flight training devices (FTD), only when conducted within an FAA-approved training program. Each operational rule part identifies additional requirements for the approval and use of FSTDs in an FAA-approved training program. Credit for Pilot Time in an FSTD 14 CFR part 61 and part 141 specify the minimum experience requirements for each certificate or rating sought. 14 CFR part 61 and the appendices to part 141 specify the maximum amount of FFS or FTD flight training time an applicant can apply toward those experience requirements. Use of Aviation Training Devices (ATD) Applicants for a pilot certificate or rating cannot use an ATD to accomplish a practical test, a 14 CFR part 61, section 61.58 proficiency check, or the flight portion of a 14 CFR part 61, section 61.57 flight review. An ATD is defined in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.1. The FAA’s General Aviation and Commercial Division evaluates and approves ATDs as permitted under 14 CFR part 61, section 61.4(c) and FAA Order 8900.1. Each ATD is then issued an FAA letter of authorization (LOA) that is valid for 60 calendar months. The LOA for each ATD lists the pilot time credit allowances and associated limitations. The Pilot Training and Certification Group public website provides a list of the FAA-approved ATDs and the associated manufacturer. Credit for Pilot Time in an ATD 14 CFR part 61 and part 141 specify the minimum experience requirements for each certificate or rating sought. 14 CFR part 61 and the appendices to part 141 specify the maximum amount of ATD flight training time an applicant can apply Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C) 78 Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations toward those experience requirements. The LOA for each FAA-approved ATD lists the pilot time credit allowances and the associated limitations. Evaluators must request an applicant to provide a copy of the manufacturer's LOA when using ATD flight training time credit to meet the minimum experience requirements for an airman pilot certificate, rating, or privilege. Operational Requirements, Limitations, & Task Information VII. Slow Flight and Stalls