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92 ms- §1.1REGULATION — OFFICIAL DEFINITION
Winglet or tip fin
Winglet or tip fin means an out-of-plane surface extending from a lifting surface. The surface may or may not have control surfaces.
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 11 — Structure of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere is an envelope of air that surrounds the Earth and rests upon its surface. much a part of the Earth as is land and water. However, air differs from land and water in that mixture of gases. It has mass, weight, and indefinite
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 11 — Atmospheric Pressure
Though there are various kinds of pressure, pilots are mainly concerned with atmospheric pressure. It is one of the basic factors in weather changes, helps to lift the aircraft, and actuates some of the most important flight instruments in
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 11 — Pressure Altitude
Pressure altitude is the height above the standard datum plane (SDP). The aircraft altimeter is essentially a sensitive barometer calibrated to indicate altitude in the standard atmosphere. If the altimeter is set for 29.92 "Hg SDP, the alt
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 11 — Density Altitude
The more appropriate term for correlating aerodynamic performance in the nonstandard atmosphere is density altitude—the altitude in the standard atmosphere corresponding to a particular value of air density. Density altitude is pressure alt
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 11 — Performance
Performance is a term used to describe the ability of an aircraft to accomplish certain things that make it useful for certain purposes. For example, the ability of an aircraft to land and take off in a very short distance is an important f
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 11 — Takeoff and Landing Performance
The majority of pilot-caused aircraft accidents occur during the takeoff and landing phase of flight. Because of this fact, the pilot must be familiar with all the variables that influence the takeoff and landing performance of an aircraft
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 11 — Performance Speeds
True airspeed (TAS)—the speed of the aircraft in relation to the air mass in which it is flying. Indicated airspeed (IAS)—the speed of the aircraft as observed on the ASI. It is the airspeed without correction for indicator, position (or in
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 11 — Performance Charts
Performance charts allow a pilot to predict the takeoff, climb, cruise, and landing performance of an aircraft. These charts, provided by the manufacturer, are included in the AFM/POH. Information the manufacturer provides on these charts h
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 11 — Transport Category Aircraft Performance
Transport category aircraft are certificated under Title 14 of the CFR (14 CFR) part 25. For additional information concerning transport category airplanes, consult the Airplane Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-3 (as revised). Transport category
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 11 — Chapter Summary
Performance characteristics and capabilities vary greatly among aircraft. As transport aircraft become more capable and more complex, most operators find themselves having to rely increasingly on computerized flight mission planning systems
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 12 — Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a blanket of air made mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth and reaches almost 350 miles from the surface of the Earth. This mixture is in constant motion. If the atmosphere were visible, it might look like an ocean wi
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 12 — Coriolis Force
In general atmospheric circulation theory, areas of low pressure exist over the equatorial regions and areas of high pressure exist over the polar regions due to a difference in temperature. The resulting low pressure allows the highpressur
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 12 — Measurement of Atmosphere Pressure
Atmospheric pressure historically was measured in inches of mercury ("Hg) by a mercurial barometer. [Figure 12-6] The barometer measures the height of a column of mercury inside a glass tube. A section of the mercury is exposed to the press
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 12 — Altitude and Atmospheric Pressure
As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. On average, with every 1,000 feet of increase in altitude, the atmospheric pressure decreases 1 "Hg. As pressure decreases, the air becomes less dense or thinner. This is the equivalent
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 12 — Altitude and Flight
Altitude affects every aspect of flight from aircraft performance to human performance. At higher altitudes, with a decreased atmospheric pressure, takeoff and landing distances are increased, while climb rates decrease. When an aircraft ta
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 12 — Altitude and the Human Body
As discussed earlier, nitrogen and other trace gases make up 79 percent of the atmosphere, while the remaining 21 TAKEOFF DISTANCE MAXIMUM WEIGHT 2,400 LB 0 °C Pressure altitude Ground Total feet (feet) roll to clear (feet) 50 foot obstacle
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 12 — Wind and Currents
Air flows from areas of high pressure into areas of low pressure because air always seeks out lower pressure. The combination of atmospheric pressure differences, Coriolis force, friction, and temperature differences of the air near the ear
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 12 — Atmospheric Stability
The stability of the atmosphere depends on its ability to resist vertical motion. A stable atmosphere makes vertical movement difficult, and small vertical disturbances dampen out and disappear. In an unstable atmosphere, small vertical air
- FAA HANDBOOK — EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE
Chapter 12 — Air Masses
Air masses are classified according to the regions where they originate. They are large bodies of air that take on the characteristics of the surrounding area or source region. A source region is typically an area in which the air remains r