14 CFR Part 91
Part 91 — General Operating and Flight Rules
262 sections. Reserved sections are omitted. SkeyeMentor has written plain-English explanations for 42 of them so far; the official text is shown in full on every section page regardless.
Subpart A—General
- §91.1Applicability
- §91.3Responsibility and authority of the pilot in commandExplained
- §91.5Pilot in command of aircraft requiring more than one required pilot
- §91.7Civil aircraft airworthinessExplained
- §91.9Civil aircraft flight manual, marking, and placard requirements
- §91.11Prohibition on interference with crewmembers
- §91.13Careless or reckless operation
- §91.15Dropping objects
- §91.17Alcohol or drugs
- §91.19Carriage of narcotic drugs, marihuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or substances
- §91.21Portable electronic devices
- §91.23Truth-in-leasing clause requirement in leases and conditional sales contracts
- §91.25Aviation Safety Reporting Program: Prohibition against use of reports for enforcement purposes
Subpart B—Flight Rules
- §91.101Applicability
- §91.103Preflight actionExplained
- §91.105Flight crewmembers at stations
- §91.107Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint systemsExplained
- §91.108Use of supplemental restraint systems
- §91.109Flight instruction; Simulated instrument flight and certain flight tests
- §91.111Operating near other aircraftExplained
- §91.113Right-of-way rules: Except water operationsExplained
- §91.115Right-of-way rules: Water operations
- §91.117Aircraft speedExplained
- §91.119Minimum safe altitudes: GeneralExplained
- §91.121Altimeter settingsExplained
- §91.123Compliance with ATC clearances and instructionsExplained
- §91.125ATC light signals
- §91.126Operating on or in the vicinity of an airport in Class G airspaceExplained
- §91.127Operating on or in the vicinity of an airport in Class E airspace
- §91.129Operations in Class D airspaceExplained
- §91.130Operations in Class C airspaceExplained
- §91.131Operations in Class B airspaceExplained
- §91.133Restricted and prohibited areas
- §91.135Operations in Class A airspaceExplained
- §91.137Temporary flight restrictions in the vicinity of disaster/hazard areas
- §91.138Temporary flight restrictions in national disaster areas in the State of Hawaii
- §91.139Emergency air traffic rules
- §91.141Flight restrictions in the proximity of the Presidential and other parties
- §91.143Flight limitation in the proximity of space flight operations
- §91.144Temporary restriction on flight operations during abnormally high barometric pressure conditions
- §91.145Management of aircraft operations in the vicinity of aerial demonstrations and major sporting events
- §91.146Passenger-carrying flights for the benefit of a charitable, nonprofit, or community event
- §91.147Passenger-carrying flights for compensation or hire
- §91.151Fuel requirements for flight in VFR conditionsExplained
- §91.153VFR flight plan: Information required
- §91.155Basic VFR weather minimumsExplained
- §91.157Special VFR weather minimumsExplained
- §91.159VFR cruising altitude or flight levelExplained
- §91.161Special awareness training required for pilots flying under visual flight rules within a 60-nautical mile radius of the Washington, DC VOR/DME
- §91.167Fuel requirements for flight in IFR conditionsExplained
- §91.169IFR flight plan: Information requiredExplained
- §91.171VOR equipment check for IFR operationsExplained
- §91.173ATC clearance and flight plan requiredExplained
- §91.175Takeoff and landing under IFRExplained
- §91.176Straight-in landing operations below DA/DH or MDA using an enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) under IFR
- §91.177Minimum altitudes for IFR operationsExplained
- §91.179IFR cruising altitude or flight level
- §91.180Operations within airspace designated as Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum airspace
- §91.181Course to be flown
- §91.183IFR communications
- §91.185IFR operations: Two-way radio communications failureExplained
- §91.187Operation under IFR in controlled airspace: Malfunction reports
- §91.189Category II and III operations: General operating rules
- §91.191Category II and Category III manual
- §91.193Certificate of authorization for certain Category II operations
Subpart C—Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements
- §91.203Civil aircraft: Certifications requiredExplained
- §91.205Powered civil aircraft with standard U.S. airworthiness certificates: Instrument and equipment requirementsExplained
- §91.207Emergency locator transmittersExplained
- §91.209Aircraft lightsExplained
- §91.211Supplemental oxygenExplained
- §91.213Inoperative instruments and equipmentExplained
- §91.215ATC transponder and altitude reporting equipment and useExplained
- §91.217Data correspondence between automatically reported pressure altitude data and the pilot's altitude reference
- §91.219Altitude alerting system or device: Turbojet-powered civil airplanes
- §91.221Traffic alert and collision avoidance system equipment and use
- §91.223Terrain awareness and warning system
- §91.225Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out equipment and useExplained
- §91.227Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out equipment performance requirementsExplained
Subpart D—Special Flight Operations
- §91.303Aerobatic flightExplained
- §91.305Flight test areas
- §91.307Parachutes and parachutingExplained
- §91.309Towing: Gliders and unpowered ultralight vehicles
- §91.311Towing: Other than under § 91.309
- §91.313Restricted category civil aircraft: Operating limitations
- §91.315Limited category civil aircraft: Operating limitations
- §91.317Provisionally certificated civil aircraft: Operating limitations
- §91.319Aircraft having experimental certificates: Operating limitations
- §91.321Carriage of candidates in elections
- §91.323Increased maximum certificated weights for certain airplanes operated in Alaska
- §91.325Primary category aircraft: Operating limitations
- §91.326Exception to operating certain aircraft for the purposes of flight training, flightcrew member checking, or flightcrew member testing
- §91.327Aircraft issued a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category: Operating limitations
- §91.331Space support vehicle flights: Operating limitations
Subpart E—Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and Alterations
- §91.401Applicability
- §91.403GeneralExplained
- §91.405Maintenance required
- §91.407Operation after maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, or alteration
- §91.409InspectionsExplained
- §91.411Altimeter system and altitude reporting equipment tests and inspectionsExplained
- §91.413ATC transponder tests and inspectionsExplained
- §91.415Changes to aircraft inspection programs
- §91.417Maintenance recordsExplained
- §91.419Transfer of maintenance records
- §91.421Rebuilt engine maintenance records
Subpart F—Large and Turbine-Powered Multiengine Airplanes and Fractional Ownership Program Aircraft
- §91.501Applicability
- §91.503Flying equipment and operating information
- §91.505Familiarity with operating limitations and emergency equipment
- §91.507Equipment requirements: Over-the-top or night VFR operations
- §91.509Survival equipment for overwater operations
- §91.511Communication and navigation equipment for overwater operations
- §91.513Emergency equipment
- §91.515Flight altitude rules
- §91.517Passenger information
- §91.519Passenger briefing
- §91.521Shoulder harness
- §91.523Carry-on baggage
- §91.525Carriage of cargo
- §91.527Operating in icing conditions
- §91.529Flight engineer requirements
- §91.531Second in command requirements
- §91.533Flight attendant requirements
- §91.535Stowage of food, beverage, and passenger service equipment during aircraft movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing
Subpart G—Additional Equipment and Operating Requirements for Large and Transport Category Aircraft
- §91.601Applicability
- §91.603Aural speed warning device
- §91.605Transport category civil airplane weight limitations
- §91.607Emergency exits for airplanes carrying passengers for hire
- §91.609Flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders
- §91.611Authorization for ferry flight with one engine inoperative
- §91.613Materials for compartment interiors
Subpart H—Foreign Aircraft Operations and Operations of U.S.-Registered Civil Aircraft Outside of the United States; and Rules Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft
- §91.701Applicability
- §91.702Persons on board
- §91.703Operations of civil aircraft of U.S. registry outside of the United States
- §91.706Operations within airspace designed as Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum Airspace
- §91.707Flights between Mexico or Canada and the United States
- §91.709Operations to Cuba
- §91.711Special rules for foreign civil aircraft
- §91.713Operation of civil aircraft of Cuban registry
- §91.715Special flight authorizations for foreign civil aircraft
Subpart I—Operating Noise Limits
- §91.801Applicability: Relation to part 36
- §91.803Part 125 operators: Designation of applicable regulations
- §91.805Final compliance: Subsonic airplanes
- §91.815Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations
- §91.817Civil aircraft sonic boom
- §91.818Special flight authorization to exceed Mach 1
- §91.819Civil supersonic airplanes that do not comply with part 36
- §91.821Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits
- §91.851Definitions
- §91.853Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes
- §91.855Entry and nonaddition rule
- §91.857Stage 2 operations outside of the 48 contiguous United States
- §91.858Special flight authorizations for non-revenue Stage 2 operations
- §91.859Modification to meet Stage 3, Stage 4, or Stage 5 noise levels
- §91.861Base level
- §91.863Transfers of Stage 2 airplanes with base level
- §91.865Phased compliance for operators with base level
- §91.867Phased compliance for new entrants
- §91.869Carry-forward compliance
- §91.871Waivers from interim compliance requirements
- §91.873Waivers from final compliance
- §91.875Annual progress reports
- §91.877Annual reporting of Hawaiian operations
- §91.881Final compliance: Civil subsonic jet airplanes weighing 75,000 pounds or less
- §91.883Special flight authorizations for jet airplanes weighing 75,000 pounds or less
Subpart J—Waivers
Subpart K—Fractional Ownership Operations
- §91.1001Applicability
- §91.1002Compliance date
- §91.1003Management contract between owner and program manager
- §91.1005Prohibitions and limitations
- §91.1007Flights conducted under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter
- §91.1009Clarification of operational control
- §91.1011Operational control responsibilities and delegation
- §91.1013Operational control briefing and acknowledgment
- §91.1014Issuing or denying management specifications
- §91.1015Management specifications
- §91.1017Amending program manager's management specifications
- §91.1019Conducting tests and inspections
- §91.1021Internal safety reporting and incident/accident response
- §91.1023Program operating manual requirements
- §91.1025Program operating manual contents
- §91.1027Recordkeeping
- §91.1029Flight scheduling and locating requirements
- §91.1031Pilot in command or second in command: Designation required
- §91.1033Operating information required
- §91.1035Passenger awareness
- §91.1037Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and alternate airports
- §91.1039IFR takeoff, approach and landing minimums
- §91.1041Aircraft proving and validation tests
- §91.1045Additional equipment requirements
- §91.1047Drug and alcohol misuse education program
- §91.1049Personnel
- §91.1050Employment of former FAA employees
- §91.1053Crewmember experience
- §91.1055Pilot operating limitations and pairing requirement
- §91.1057Flight, duty and rest time requirements: All crewmembers
- §91.1059Flight time limitations and rest requirements: One or two pilot crews
- §91.1061Augmented flight crews
- §91.1062Duty periods and rest requirements: Flight attendants
- §91.1063Testing and training: Applicability and terms used
- §91.1065Initial and recurrent pilot testing requirements
- §91.1067Initial and recurrent flight attendant crewmember testing requirements
- §91.1069Flight crew: Instrument proficiency check requirements
- §91.1071Crewmember: Tests and checks, grace provisions, training to accepted standards
- §91.1073Training program: General
- §91.1075Training program: Special rules
- §91.1077Training program and revision: Initial and final approval
- §91.1079Training program: Curriculum
- §91.1081Crewmember training requirements
- §91.1083Crewmember emergency training
- §91.1085Hazardous materials recognition training
- §91.1087Approval of aircraft simulators and other training devices
- §91.1089Qualifications: Check pilots (aircraft) and check pilots (simulator)
- §91.1091Qualifications: Flight instructors (aircraft) and flight instructors (simulator)
- §91.1093Initial and transition training and checking: Check pilots (aircraft), check pilots (simulator)
- §91.1095Initial and transition training and checking: Flight instructors (aircraft), flight instructors (simulator)
- §91.1097Pilot and flight attendant crewmember training programs
- §91.1099Crewmember initial and recurrent training requirements
- §91.1101Pilots: Initial, transition, and upgrade ground training
- §91.1103Pilots: Initial, transition, upgrade, requalification, and differences flight training
- §91.1105Flight attendants: Initial and transition ground training
- §91.1107Recurrent training
- §91.1109Aircraft maintenance: Inspection program
- §91.1111Maintenance training
- §91.1113Maintenance recordkeeping
- §91.1115Inoperable instruments and equipment
- §91.1411Continuous airworthiness maintenance program use by fractional ownership program manager
- §91.1413CAMP: Responsibility for airworthiness
- §91.1415CAMP: Mechanical reliability reports
- §91.1417CAMP: Mechanical interruption summary report
- §91.1423CAMP: Maintenance organization
- §91.1425CAMP: Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration programs
- §91.1427CAMP: Manual requirements
- §91.1429CAMP: Required inspection personnel
- §91.1431CAMP: Continuing analysis and surveillance
- §91.1433CAMP: Maintenance and preventive maintenance training program
- §91.1435CAMP: Certificate requirements
- §91.1437CAMP: Authority to perform and approve maintenance
- §91.1439CAMP: Maintenance recording requirements
- §91.1441CAMP: Transfer of maintenance records
- §91.1443CAMP: Airworthiness release or aircraft maintenance log entry
Subpart L—Continued Airworthiness and Safety Improvements
Subpart M—Special Federal Aviation Regulations
- §91.1603Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 112—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Territory and Airspace of Libya
- §91.1605Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 77—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Baghdad Flight Information Region (FIR) (ORBB)
- §91.1609Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 114—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Damascus Flight Information Region (FIR) (OSTT)
- §91.1611Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 115—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in Specified Areas of the Sanaa Flight Information Region (FIR) (OYSC)
- §91.1613Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 107—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Territory and Airspace of Somalia
- §91.1615Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 79—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Pyongyang Flight Information Region (FIR) (ZKKP)
- §91.1617Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 117—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Tehran Flight Information Region (FIR) (OIIX)
- §91.1619Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 119—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Kabul Flight Information Region (FIR) (OAKX)
Subpart N—Mitsubishi MU-2B Series Special Training, Experience, and Operating Requirements
- §91.1701Applicability
- §91.1703Compliance and eligibility
- §91.1705Required pilot training
- §91.1707Training program hours
- §91.1709Training program approval
- §91.1711Aeronautical experience
- §91.1713Instruction, checking, and evaluation
- §91.1715Currency requirements and flight review
- §91.1717Operating requirements
- §91.1719Credit for prior training
- §91.1721Incorporation by reference
Source information
- Source type
- Code of Federal Regulations
- Official title
- Part 91 — General Operating and Flight Rules
- Citation
- 14 CFR Part 91
- Revision
- 2026-07-31
- Effective / amended
- Jul 31, 2026
- Status
- Current
- Last checked by SkeyeMentor
- Aug 8, 2026
- Internal version
- cfr-ingest-1.0.0
- Official source